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Abstract:
Despite their small size and simple structure, carbon nanotubes—essentially sheets of graphene rolled up into straws—have all sorts of potentially useful properties. Still, while their promise looms large, how to fully realize that promise has proven to be something of a mystery.

The NIST group surveyed carbon nanocomposites with four different concentrations of nanotubes: a) 0.5 percent, b) 2.5 percent, c) 4 percent, d) 7 percent. They found that as the concentration of carbon nanotubes rises, they come into contact and intersect. More intersections improve the material's electrical and thermal conductivity, and the physical contact causes them to conform to one another, which straightens them and improves the material's strength.

Credit: Natarajan/NIST

NIST Group Maps Distribution of Carbon Nanotubes in Composite Materials

Gaithersburg, MD | Posted on July 2nd, 2015

In an effort to strip away some of that mystery, researchers from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Maryland have developed cutting-edge image gathering and processing techniques to map the nanoscale structure of carbon nanotubes inside a composite material in 3-D. Exactly how the nanotubes are distributed and arranged within the material plays an important role in its overall properties. The new data will help researchers studying composite materials to build and test realistic computer models of materials with a wide array of thermal, electrical, and mechanical features.

Carbon fiber composites are typically prized for their high strength and low weight, and carbon nanotube (CNT) composites (or nanocomposites), which have more and smaller carbon filaments, show promise for high strength as well as other properties such as the ability to conduct heat and electricity.

However, according to NIST's Alex Liddle, an author on the study, while researchers previously could reliably measure a nanocomposite's bulk properties, they didn't know exactly why various formulations of the composite had different properties.

"Figuring out why these materials have the properties they do requires a detailed, quantitative understanding of their complex 3-D structure," says Liddle. "We need to know not only the concentration of nanotubes but also their shape and position, and relate that to the properties of the material."

Seeing the arrangement of carbon nanotubes in a composite material is tough, though, because they're surrounded by an epoxy resin which also is mostly carbon atoms. Even with sophisticated probes the contrast is too low for software image processors to pick them out easily.

In such research situations, you turn to graduate students and postdocs like NIST's Bharath Natarajan, because humans generally make great image processors. But marking thousands of carbon nanotubes in an image is mighty boring, so Natarajan designed an image-processing algorithm that can distinguish CNTs from an epoxy resin as well as he can. It paid off.

According to Liddle, a CNT expresses its full potential in strength and thermal and electrical conductivity when it is stretched out and straight, but …"When CNTs are suspended in an epoxy resin, they spread out, bundle and twist into different shapes," Liddle says. "Our analysis revealed that the benefits of CNTs increases in a non-linear fashion as their concentration increases. As the concentration raises, the CNTs come into contact, increasing the number of intersections, which increases their electrical and thermal conductivity, and the physical contact causes them to conform to one another, which straightens them, increasing the material's strength."

The fact that increasing the concentration of CNTs enhances properties is not particularly surprising, but now researchers know how this affects the materials' properties and why earlier models of nanocomposite materials' performance never quite matched how they performed in practice.

"We've really only seen the tip of the iceberg with respect to this class of material," says Liddle. "There are all sort of ways other researchers might slice and dice the data to model and eventually manufacture optimal materials for thermal management, mechanical reinforcement, energy storage, drug transport and other uses."

This work was performed in part at NIST's Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST), a national user facility available to researchers from industry, academia and government.

* B. Natarajan, N. Lachman, T. Lam, D. Jacobs, C. Long, M.Zhao, B. Wardle, R. Sharma and J. Liddle. The evolution of carbon nanotube network structure in unidirectional nanocomposites resolved by quantitative electron tomography. ACS Nano. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01044.Published online June 1, 2015.

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About The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

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